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Polymer | Abbreviation | Properties | Uses |
Low-density polyethylene | LDPE | Chemically inert, flexible, insulator | Squeeze bottles, toys, flexible pipes, insulation cover (electric wires), six-pack rings, etc. |
High-density polyethylene | HDPE | Inert, thermally stable, tough, and high tensile strength | Bottles, pipes, inner insulation (dielectric) of coax cable (see also PTFE), plastic bags, etc. |
Polypropylene | PP | Resistant to acids and alkalies, High tensile strength | Auto parts, industrial fibers, food containers, liners in bags, dishware, and wrapping material for textiles and food |
Polystyrene (thermocouple) | PS | Thermal insulator. Properties depend on the form, expanded form is tough and rigid | Petri dishes, CD case, plastic cutlery |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | PTFE | Very low coefficient of friction, excellent dielectric properties, chemically inert | Low friction bearings, non-stick pans, inner insulation (dielectric) of coax cable (see also HDPE), coating against chemical attack, etc. |
Polyvinyl chloride | PVC | Insulator, flame retardant, chemically inert | Pipe (mainly draining), fencing, lawn chairs, handbags, curtain clothes, non-food bottles, raincoats, toys, vinyl flooring, electrical installation insulations, etc. |
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene | PCTFE | Stable to heat and thermal attacks, high tensile strength, and non-wetting | Valves, seals, gaskets, etc. |
Chemical Additives | Chemical Additives |
---|---|
Plasticizers | Pigments |
Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) | Titanium dioxide (TiO2) |
Diisodecyl adipate (DIDA) | Zinc oxide (ZnO) |
Dioctyl adipate (DOA) | Zinc sulfide (ZnS) |
Dioctyl sebacate (DOS) | Naphthol red 210 |
Trioctyl Trimellitate (TOTM) | Flame Retardants |
Epoxy fatty acid monoesters. | Antimony trioxide (ATO) |
Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) | Zinc borate |
Flame Retardants
Flame retardants (and certain plasticizers) actively stop flames and suppress smoke. By increasing the flame retardance of PVC, these additives also help protect the structural integrity of the plastic material.
- Antimony trioxide (ATO)
- Decabromodiphenyl ethane
- Tri (Butoxy ethyl) phosphate (TBEP)
- Zinc borate
Heat Stabilizers
When exposed to temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius, PVC starts to lose its structural integrity. The addition of heat stabilizers helps the material maintain its stability and structure in high-temperature environments.
Pigments
Pure polyvinyl chloride is white. However, material suppliers can customize the material color by adding pigments. This capability allows them to differentiate various PVC compounds for different applications by color.